17  Ahithophel advises Absalom to dispatch, Sa2 17:1-4.
Hushai advises deliberation, and his advice is received, Sa2 17:5-14.
Intelligence is sent to David, Sa2 17:15-21.
David passes over Jordan, Sa2 17:22.
Ahithophel hangs himself, Sa2 17:23.
Absalom pursues David, Sa2 17:24-26.
David is supplied with necessaries, Sa2 17:27-29.

17:2 And I will, etc - That such a wretch as Absalom should aim at his father's throat is not strange. But that the body of the people, to whom David had been so great a blessing, should join with him in it, is amazing. But the finger of God was in it. Let not the best of parents, or the best of princes think it strange, if they are injured by those who should be their support and joy, when they (like David) have provoked God to turn against them.

17:5 Call Hushai - A wonderful effect of Divine Providence, influencing his heart, that he could not rest in Ahithophel's counsel, though it was so evidently wise, and approved by the general consent of his whole party; and that he should desire Hushai's advice, though neither his reputation for wisdom was equal to Ahithophel's, nor had he yet given anyone proof of his fidelity to Absalom. But there is no contending with that God who can arm a man against himself, and destroy him by his own mistakes and passions.

17:9 Pit - Having been often accustomed to that course, and well acquainted with in all hiding - places from Saul's time. In one of them, unknown to us, he will lurk with some of his chosen men, and lie in ambush for us; and, when they see a fit opportunity, they will suddenly come forth and surprize some of our men, when they least expect it, and probably at first put them to flight. Some - Namely, of Absalom's men sent against David. At the first - Implying, that their good success at first would mightily animate David's men to proceed vigorously in the fight, and intimidate Absalom's army, and consequently would be both a presage and an occasion of their total defeat.

17:11 I counsel - His pretence was, that they might make sure, though slow work: his design was to gain David time, that he might increase his army, and make better provision for the battle; and that the present heat of the people might be cooled, and they might bethink themselves of their duty, and return to their allegiance. Thou - For thy presence will put life and courage into thy soldiers, who will be ambitious to shew their skill and courage in defending thy person, when they know that all their actions are observed by him who hath the distribution of rewards and punishments in his hands. Besides, the glory of the victory will be wholly thine, which now Ahithophel seeks to get to himself.

17:12 As dew - That is, plenteously, suddenly, irresistibly, and on all sides; for so the dew falls.

17:13 Bring ropes - It is an hyperbolical expression, suited to the vain - glorious temper of this insolent young man: implying, that they would do so if they could not destroy him another way: or, that they should be enough to do so, if there were occasion. River - Adjoining to the city; it being usual to build cities near some river, both for defence, and for other accommodations.

17:14 Absalom and all, etc - Be it observed, to the comfort of all that fear God, he turns all mans hearts as the rivers of water. He stands in the congregation of the mighty, has an over - ruling hand in all counsels, and a negative voice in all resolves, and laughs at mens projects against his children.

17:16 Lodge not - Lest the king's and people's mind's change, and Ahithophel persuade the king to pursue you speedily.

17:17 Enrogel - Or, the fullers well. A place near Jerusalem, Jos 15:7 Jos 18:16, .Wench - Pretending to go thither to wash some cloaths, or to draw water.

17:19 Spread corn - Under pretence of drying it by the sun: which shews it was summer - time.

17:20 Over the brook of water - That is, over Jordan. This was a manifest lie.

17:23 Hanged himself - See here contempt poured upon the wisdom of man!He that was more renowned for policy than ever any man was, played the fool with himself more than ever any man did. See likewise honour done to the justice of God! The wicked is snared in the work of his own hands.

17:24 Passed - Not speedily, but when all the men of Israel were gathered together according to Hushai's counsel.

17:25 Nahash - Nahash is the name of Jesse's wife, by whom he had this Abigail, as he had Zeruiah by another wife; so they were sisters by the father, but not by the mother.

17:27 Shobi - Who, as it may seem, disliked and disowned that barbarous action to the ambassadors; and therefore, when the rest were destroyed, was left king or governor of the residue of the Ammonites.Machir - See above chap.Sa2 9:4.

17:29 In - Having been in the wilderness. Thus God sometimes makes up to his people that comfort from strangers, which they are disappointed of in their own families.

18  David prepares to engage the rebels, Sa2 18:1-5.
The total defeat of Absalom, Sa2 18:6-8.
His death and burial, Sa2 18:9-18.
The news brought to David, Sa2 18:19-32.
His lamentation over Absalom, Sa2 18:33.

18:5 Deal gently - If you conquer (which be presaged they would by God's gracious answer to his prayer for the turning of Ahithophel's counsel into foolishness,) take him prisoner, but do not kill him. Which desire proceeded, from his great indulgence towards his children: from his consciousness that he himself was the meritorious cause of this rebellion, Absalom being given up to it for the punishment of David's sins; from the consideration of his youth, which commonly makes men foolish, and subject to ill counsels: and from his piety, being loth that he should be cut off in the act of his sin without any space for repentance. But ''what means, says Bp. Hall, this ill - placed mercy? Deal gently with a traitor?Of all traitors with a son? And all this for thy sake, whose crown, whose blood he hunts after? Even in the holiest parents nature may be guilty of an injurious tenderness. But was not this done in type of that unmeasurable mercy, of the true King of Israel, who prayed for his murderers, Father, forgive them! Deal gently with them for my sake!" Yea, when God sends an affliction to correct his children, it is with this charge, deal gently with them for my sake: for he knows our frame.

18:8 The wood - More people died in the wood, either through hunger, and thirst, and weariness: or, by the wild beasts, whereof great numbers were there, which, though they were driven away from the place of the main battle, yet might easily meet with them when they fled several ways: or, by falling into ditches and pits, which were in that place, ver. Sa2 18:17, and probably were covered with grass or wood, so that they could not see them till they fell into them: and especially by David's men, who pursued them, and killed them in the wood: and the wood is rightly said to have devoured them, because it gave the occasion to their destruction, inasmuch as the trees, and ditches, and pits, entangled them, and stopped their flight, and made them an easy prey to David's men, who followed them, and slew them in the pursuit. The sword - In the main battle: the sword being put for the battle, by a common figure.

18:9 The servants of David - Who, according to David's command, spared him, and gave him an opportunity to escape. His head - In which probably he was entangled by the hair of the head, which being very long and thick, might easily catch hold of a bough, especially when the great God directed it. Either he wore no helmet, or he had thrown it away as well as his other arms, to hasten his flight. Thus the matter of his pride was the instrument of his ruin.

18:15 Slew him - The darts did not dispatch him, and therefore they smote him again, and killed him.

18:18 A pillar - To preserve his name; whereas it had been more for his honour if his name had been buried in perpetual oblivion.

18:24 Gates - For the gates of the cities then were, as now they are, large and thick; and for the greater security, had two gates, one more outward, the other inward. Here he sat, that he might hear tidings when any came into the city.

18:33 Over the gate - Retiring himself from all men and business, that he might wholly give up himself to lamentation. My son - This he might speak from a deep sense of his eternal state, because he died in his sins, and because David himself had by his own sins been the occasion of his death. But it seems rather to be the effect of strong passion, causing him to speak unadvisedly with his lips.

19  Joab prevails on David to refrain, Sa2 19:1-8.
He is brought back to his kingdom by the men of Judah, Sa2 19:9-15.
Pardons Shimei, Sa2 19:16-23.
Restores to Mephibosheth his estate, Sa2 19:24-30.
Barzillai is dismissed, and his son taken into David's service, Sa2 19:31-40.
The Israelites expostulate with the men of Judah, Sa2 19:41-43.

19:3 By stealth - Not openly and triumphantly, as conquerors use to do; but secretly, as if they were afraid and ashamed, lest David should see them, and look upon them with an evil eye, as those that had an hand in killing of his beloved son.

19:5 Hast shamed - By disappointing their just hopes of praises and rewards, and by requiting them with contempt and tacit rebukes.

19:6 Pleased thee - This is not be understood as exactly true; but David's carriage gave too much colour to such a suggestion; and such sharpness of speech was in a manner necessary to awaken the king out of his lethargy, and to preserve him from the impendent mischiefs.

19:9 At strife - Quarrelling one with another as the authors or abettors of this shameful rebellion, and discoursing privately and publickly of David's high merits, which God, being now reconciled to David, brings afresh to their memories.

19:10 Now therefore - The people of Israel speak thus to the elders of Israel, as appears by comparing this verse with the next. Seeing their designs for Absalom disappointed, they now repented of that undertaking, and were willing to testify so much by their forwardness to bring back David, and re - establish him.

19:11 Judah - Who being the abettors of Absalom's rebellion, despaired of pardon, and therefore were backward to promote the king's restoration. His house - Even to Mahanaim, where now the king's house and family is.

19:13 Of Joab - Who, besides his other crimes, had lately exasperated the king by his murder of Absalom, contrary to David's express command. And therefore the king having now the opportunity of another person who had a greater interest than Joab, gladly complies with it, that so he might both chastise Joab for his faults, and rescue himself from the bondage in which Joab had hitherto held him.

19:14 He bowed - David by this prudent and kind message and his free offer of pardon.

19:17 With him - Whom he brought, partly to shew his interest in the people, and partly, as intercessors on his behalf, and as witnesses of David's clemency or severity, that in him they might see what the rest of them might expect. Ziba - Who, being conscious of his former abuse of David, and of his master Mephibosheth, which he knew the king would understand, designed to sweeten David's spirit towards him, by forwardness in meeting him.

19:20 House of Joseph - The house of Joseph is here put for all the tribes, except Judah, which are fitly distinguished from Judah, because the rights of the first - born were divided between Judah and Joseph, Ch1 5:2.And though Benjamin, after the division of the kingdoms was fitly joined with Judah, because then they adhered to that tribe; yet before that time it was joined with Joseph, because they marched under the standard of the house of Joseph, or of Ephraim, Num 10:22-24. Whence it is, that Ephraim, Benjamin, and Manasseh, are put together, Psa 80:2.

19:22 Adversaries - That is, that you put me upon things unfit for me to do, and contrary to my interest; for it was David's interest at this time to appease the people, and reconcile them to him, and not to give them any new distaste by acts of severity: for this would make others jealous, that he would watch an opportunity to be revenged on them. King - Is not my kingdom, which was in a manner wholly lost, just now restored and assured to me? And when God hath been so merciful to me in forgiving my sin, shall I shew myself revengeful to Shemei? Shall I sully the publick joy and glory of this day, with an act of such severity? Or, shall I alienate the hearts of my people from me, now they are returning to me?

19:24 The son - That is, the grandson, Sa2 6:3, Sa2 6:6. His feet - By washing his feet, which was usual in those hot climates, and very refreshing; and therefore now neglected, as becoming a mourner.Beard - But suffered it to grow very long, and disorderly, as was usual with persons in a forlorn, or mournful state. Clothes - His linen cloathes. This and the former were signs, that he was a true and obstinate mourner, and evidences of the falsehood of Ziba's relation concerning him, chap.Sa2 16:3.

19:25 Jerusalem - Probably he had continued near Jerusalem, because he could not go to meet him, as others did.

19:26 Deceived me - By carrying away the ass which I bid him saddle for me.

19:27 Angel - To distinguish between true reports and calumnies; See note on Sa2 14:20.

19:28 Before - Before thy tribunal: we were all at thy mercy: not my estate only but my life also was in thy power, if thou hadst dealt with rigour, and as earthly kings use to do with their predecessor's and enemies children. To cry - For the vindication of mine honour, and the restitution of my estate.

19:29 Divide - The land shall be divided between thee and him, as it was by my first order, chap.Sa2 9:10, he and his sons managing it, and supporting themselves out of it, as they did before, and giving the rest of the profits thereof to thee.

19:35 I am, etc - My senses are grown dull, and incapable of relishing the pleasures of a court. I am past taking pleasures in delicious tastes, or sweet musick, and other such delights. I am through age both useless and burdensome to others, and therefore most improper for a court life.

19:37 That I may die in mine own city - That my bones may with little ado, be carried to the place of their rest. The grave is ready for me: let me go and get ready for it, go and die in my nest.

19:40 Half - Whereas the men of Judah came entirely and unanimously to the king, the Israelites of the other tribe came in but slowly, and by halves, as being no less guilty of the rebellion, than the tribe of Judah; but not encouraged to come in by such a gracious message as they were. And this is here mentioned as the occasion both of the contention here following, and of the sedition, chap.Sa2 20:1-22.

19:41 All - Such as were present. Stolen - That is, conveyed thee over Jordan hastily, not expecting our concurrence. David's men - All thy officers, guards, and soldiers. This is mentioned as an aggravation of their fault, that they did not only carry the king over Jordan, but all his men too, without asking their advice.

19:42 Of kin - Of the same tribe with us, and therefore both oweth the more respect to us, and might expect more respect from us. Gifts - We have neither sought nor gained any advantage to ourselves hereby, but only discharged our duty to the king, and used all expedition in bringing him back, which you also should have done, and not have come in by halves, and so coldly as you have done.

19:43 Ten - They say but ten, though strictly there were eleven; either, because they accounted Joseph (which comprehends both Ephraim and Manasseh under it) for one tribe, or because Simeon, whose lot lay within the tribe of Judah, were joined with them in this action.More right - As in the general we have more right in the king and kingdom; so particularly, we have more right in David than you, because you were the first beginners, and the most zealous promoters of this rebellion; howsoever, as he is king, we justly claim a greater interest in him, than you; inasmuch as we are the far greatest part of his subjects.Fiercer - Instead of mollifying them with gentle words, they answered them with greater fierceness so that David durst not interpose in the matter.

20  A new rebellion raised by Sheba, Sa2 20:1-2.
David confines his ten concubines for life, Sa2 20:3.
Joab murders Amasa, Sa2 20:4-12.
Pursues Sheba to Abel, Sa2 20:13-15.
He is delivered up, Sa2 20:16-22.
David's great officers, Sa2 20:23-26.

20:1 Happened - His presence was casual in itself, though ordered by God's providence. No part - The tribe of Judah have monopolized the king to themselves, and will not allow us any share in him; let them therefore enjoy him alone, and let us seek out a new king. The son of Jesse - An expression of contempt, implying that he was no more to be owned as their king, but as a private person, as the son of Jesse.To his tents - Let us all desist from this unthankful office, of bringing the king back, and go each to our homes, that we may consider, and then meet together to chuse a new king.

20:2 Every man - That is, the generality of those Israelites who were present.

20:5 Tarried - Either, because the people being wearied out by the late war, were not forward to engage in another: or because the soldiers had more affection to Joab, than to their new general.

20:6 Abishai - Not to Joab; lest by this means he should recover his place, and Amasa be discontented, and David's fidelity in making good his promise to Amasa be questioned.

20:7 Joab's men - The remainders of Joab's army who were there present, with whom also Joab might go as a reformade, watching an opportunity to do what he designed.

20:8 Amasa went - Having gathered some forces, and given due orders for the rest to follow him, he returned to Jerusalem, and by the king's command went after those mentioned ver. Sa2 20:7, and being come up to them at the place where they waited for him, he put himself in the head of Joab's men, and the Cherethites and the Pelethites, and such as he had brought along with him, and marched before them as their general.Girded - After the manner of travellers and soldiers. Went forth - To meet and salute Amasa, who was coming towards him to do him honour.It fell - Things having (it is likely) been so contrived by Joab, that upon the least motion of his body, his sword should drop out, and he might take it up without raising Amasa's suspicion.

20:9 Beard - As the manner of ancient times was, when they saluted one another.

20:10 The sword - Which falling out, as it seemed, casually, he supposed that Joab intended only to put it into its scabbard, and therefore took no care to defend himself against the stroke.So Joab - Who now boldly resumed his former place, and marched in the head of the army. It is not strange, that Amasa's soldiers did not fight to revenge his death; partly, because not many of them were yet come up, as the following verses shew; and partly, because Joab's interest and authority with the military - men was very great; especially, with David's guards, who were here present, and who had no kindness for Amasa, as having been the general of the rebellious army; and, as they might think, not fit to be put into a place of so great trust.

20:11 One - Left there on purpose to deliver the following message.Favoureth Joab - He that would have Joab to be general, rather than such a perfidious rebel as Amasa. For David - He that wisheth David good success against Sheba, and against all rebels.

20:12 Stood still - Wondering at the spectacle, and enquiring into the author and occasion of it. Removed - Perceiving, that it both incensed them against Joab and hindered the king's service. Cast a cloth upon him - But the covering of blood with a cloth cannot stop its cry to God for vengeance.

20:14 He - Sheba, who marched from tribe to tribe to stir them up to sedition. Abel - Unto Abel - beth - maachah, as this place is called here in the Hebrew text, ver. Sa2 20:15, to distinguish it from other Abels; and to signify, that this was that Abel which was in the northern border of Canaan towards that part of Syria called Maachah, Sa2 10:8.Berites - Such as lived in the city, or territory of Beeroth of Benjamin, Jos 18:25, who being of the same tribe, if not city with Sheba, adhered to him, and followed him through all the tribes of Israel. They - The tribes of Israel; that is, a considerable number of them; as might well be expected, when the discontents were so high and general.

20:15 They - That is, Joab and his army. A bank - From whence they might either batter the wall, or shoot at those who defended it.It stood - The bank stood in, or near to the trench, or the wall of the city; so that the city was in great danger of being taken.

20:16 Then cried a wise woman - It seems none of all the men of Abel, offered to treat with Joab: no, not when they were reduced to extremity: but one wise woman saved the city. Souls know no difference of sex: many a manly heart is lodged in a female breast. Nor is the treasure of wisdom the less valuable, for being lodged in the weaker vessel.

20:18 Ask counsel - This city which thou art about to destroy, is no mean and contemptible one, but so honourable and considerable for its wisdom, that when any differences arose among any of the neighbours, they used proverbially to say, We will ask the opinion and advice as the men of Abel about it, and we will stand to their arbitration; and so all parties were satisfied, and disputes ended.

20:19 A mother - Great cities are commonly called mothers; as lesser towns or villages subject to them, and depending upon them, are called their daughters. Inheritance - That is, a considerable part of, that land which God hath chosen for his particular possession.The destruction which thou art about to bring upon us, is an injury to Israel, and to the God of Israel.

20:21 Ephraim - Probably mount Ephraim was a place in Benjamin so called, either because it was upon the borders of Ephraim or for some notable action or event of the Ephraimites in that place.His head - Which she undertook, because she knew the present temper of the citizens, and soldiers too. And it is not unlikely, that this woman might be a governness in that city. For though this office was commonly performed by men; yet women were sometimes employed in the government: as we see in Deborah, who judged Israel, Jdg 4:4.

20:22 Wisdom - Prudently treated with them about it, representing to them the certainty and nearness of their ruin, if they did not speedily comply with her desires, and certain deliverance if they did.

20:23 Over all the host - The good success of this, and of the formerexpedition, under the conduct of Joab, had so fixed his interest in the army, and others of David's fastest friends, that the king could not without danger displace him.

21  A famine, caused by Saul's killing the Gibeonites, Sa2 21:1-3.
Seven of his family put to death, Sa2 21:4-9.
Care taken of their dead bodies, and of the bones of Saul, Sa2 21:10-14.
Battles with the Philistines, Sa2 21:15-22.

21:1 Then - The things related here and chap.Sa2 24:1-25, are by the best interpreters conceived to have been done long before Absalom's rebellion. And this opinion is not without sufficient grounds: first, this particle, then, is here explained, in the days, that is, during the reign of David: which general words seem to be added as an intimation that these things were not done after the next foregoing passages, for then the sacred writer would rather have added, after these things, as it is in many other places. Secondly, here are divers passages which it seems improbable to ascribe to the last years of David's reign: such as first, that Saul's sin against the Gibeonites should so long remain unpunished.And indeed that this was done, and Saul's seven sons hanged by David's order before that time, seems to be intimated by that passage, Sa2 16:8, where he is charged withthe blood of the house of Saul: for which there was not the least colour 'till this time. Secondly, that David should not remove the bones ofSaul and Jonathan to their proper place, 'till that time. Thirdly, that the Philistines should wage war with David again and again, ver. Sa2 21:15, etc so long after he had fully subdued them, chap.Sa2 8:1, and that David in his old age should attempt to fight with a Philistine giant, or that his people should suffer him to do so.Fourthly, that David should then have so vehement a desire to number his people, chap.Sa2 24:1, which being an act of youthful vanity, seems not at all to agree with his old age, nor with that state of deep humiliation in which he then was.And the reason why these matters are put here out of their proper order, is plainly this, because David's sin being once related, it was very convenient that David's punishments should immediately succeed: this being very frequent in scripture - story, to put those things together which belong to one matter, though they happened at several times.He flew - Which was not only an act of cruelty, but also of perfidiousness, because it was a public violation of that solemn oath given to them by Joshua and the princes, in the name of all the Israelites, of that and succeeding generations. "But why did not God punish Saul whilst he was alive for this, but his children, and the Israelites of this age?" First, God did severely punish Saul for this and his other sins.Secondly, as God may justly inflict temporal punishments upon any offender, either in his person, or in his posterity, when he pleaseth; so it is meet he should take his own time for it; and it is folly in us to quarrel with God for so doing. Thirdly, the Israelites might sundry ways make themselves guilty of Saul's sin, tho' it be not particularly mentioned, advising or encouraging him to it; or, assisting him in the execution of it.And whereas many of the people were probably innocent of that crime, yet they also were guilty of many other sins, for which God might punish them, though he took this occasion for it.

21:2 Sought - That is, he sought how he might cut them off with some colour of justice, aggravating their faults, and punishing them worse than they deserved; oppressing them with excessive labours, and intending by degrees to wear them out.

21:6 I will - Having doubtless consulted God in the matter; who as he had before declared Saul's bloody house to be the causes of this judgment, so now commanded that justice should be done upon it, and that the remaining branches of it should be cut off; as sufficiently appears from hence, that God was well pleased with the action; which he would not have been, if David had done it without his command; for then it had been a sinful action of David's, and contrary to a double law of God, Deu 21:23 Sa2 21, Deu 24:16, .

21:7 Spared - For the Gibeonites desiring only such a number, it was at David's choice whom to spare. Of Jonathan - This is added, to distinguish him from the other Mephibosheth, ver. Sa2 21:8.

21:10 Spread it - As a tent to dwell in: being informed that their bodies were not to be taken away speedily, as the course of the law was in ordinary cases, but were to continue there until God was intreated, and removed the present judgment. On the rock - In some convenient place in a rock, near adjoining. Until water - Until they were taken down: which was not to be done 'till God had given rain as a sign of his favour, and a mean to remove the famine, which was caused by the want of it. Thus she let the world know, that her sons died not for any sin of their own, not as stubborn and rebellious sons, whose eye had despised their mother: but for their father's sin, and therefore her mind could not be alienated from them by their hard fate.

21:11 David - Who heard it with so much approbation, that he thought fit to imitate her piety, being by her example provoked to do what hitherto he had neglected, to bestow an honourable interment on the remains of Saul and Jonathan, and, with them, upon those that are now put to death, that the honour done to them herein, might be some comfort to this disconsolate widow.

21:13 The bones - Having first burnt off the flesh which remained upon them when they were taken down. Compare Sa2 31:10, etc

21:14 After that - After those things were done which were before related; that is, after they were hanged up: for by that God was pacified, and not by their burial.

21:18 After this - After the battle last mentioned.

21:22 Born to the giant in Gath - These giants were probably the remains of the sons of Anak, who, tho' long feared, fell at last.

22  This chapter is inserted among the Psa 18, with some
little variation. It is here as it was composed for his own closet; there, as it was delivered to the chief musician for public service.The inspired writer having largely related David's deliverances in this and the foregoing book, thought fit to record this sacred poem, as a memorial of all that had been before related.

17:23 Единственный случай самоубийства, упомянутый в ВЗ, за исключением самоубийства воинов, налагающих на себя руки, чтобы не быть захваченными врагами (Суд 9:54; 1 Цар 31:4сл; 3 Цар 16:18; 2 Макк 14:41сл), и совершенно особого случая Самсона (Суд 16:28сл).

2 Цар 21-24

21 Эти главы прерывают большое повествование о семье Давида и о наследовании престола, которое затем возобновляется в 3 Цар 1. В гл. Sa2 21-24содержится шесть добавлений, сочетающихся по двое: два рассказа в 2 Цар 21:1-14(трехлетний голод) и в 2 Цар 24(трехдневная чума), - две серии героических эпизодов в 2 Цар 21:15-22(четыре великана-филистимлянина) и в 2 Цар 23:8-39(сподвижники Давида), - два поэтических произведения в 2 Цар 22(песнь Давида) и в 2 Цар 23:1-7(последние слова Давида).

21:6 Так как Саула уже не было в живых, жертвой кровной мести становятся его потомки. - "В Гаваоне, на горе Господней" (LXX); "в Гиве Саула, избранного Господом" по евр тексту.

21:10 "Воды Божии с неба": дождь предвещает скорый конец голода и означает, что искупление было благоугодно Богу. Только после этого Давид приказывает убрать трупы. К этому частному случаю не применимо Втор 21:22-23; ср Ис Нав 10:27.

17:8  Отец твой — человек воинственный — сведущий в военном деле; зная возможности неожиданного ночного нападения неприятелей, он не останется ночевать с народом на открытом месте.

17:14  Так Господь судил разрушить лучший совет Ахитофела, чтобы навести (попустить) бедствие на Авессалома. Если бы Авессалом согласился с предложением Ахитофела, то беспорядочная толпа сторонников Давида, утомленная впечатлениями дня и поспешным бегством, несомненно понесла бы полное поражение со стороны свежих, правильно организованных войск Авессалома.

17:16  Не оставайся в эту ночь на равнине, в пустыне реки Иордан, но поскорее перейди через эту реку.

17:17  Они пошли и известили, т. е. пошли, чтобы известить. Слова ибо они не могли показаться в городе Иерусалиме поясняют то, почему Ионафан и Ахимаас ожидали нужных им известий в предместье города, у источника Рогель.

17:18  И увидел их отрок — из числа стражи Авессалома.

17:23 См. прим. к 14 ст.

17:24  Маханаим — город средней части восточного Заиорданья, к югу от Иависа Галаадского.

17:25 Точно так же, как и Иоав, Амессай был племянник Давида, только от другой сестры.

17:27 Евреи восточного Заиорданья держались в стороне от движений в западном Заиорданье и отличались большей верностью данному ими слову или клятве. Верные присяге Саулу, они продолжали быть верными и его сыну Иевосфею, пока сила вещей не побудила их присягнуть Давиду. Присягнув Давиду, галаадитяне хотели быть верными ему до последней возможности.

18:2  И отправил Давид людей — в поход против Авессалома.

18:3 Заботясь о безопасности царя, военачальники имели в виду, вероятно, и то обстоятельство, что отец в войне с сыном не будет обладать хладнокровием, необходимым для руководителя сражения.

18:4  И стал царь у ворот города Маханаим.

18:6 Под лесом Ефремовым некоторые (Гуго Гроций и др.) разумеют то место восточного Заиорданья, где некогда судья Иеффай поразил ефремлян (Суд 12).

18:8  И лес погубил народа больше, чем сколько истребил меч в тот день. Разбитое войско Авессалома бросилось было искать себе защиты в лесу, но здесь было или встречено засадой, или просто рассеяно и истребляемо порознь.

18:17  Все израильтяне — составлявшие войско Авессалома.

18:18 В окрестностях Иерусалима, в долине Иосафата, и по сие время существует памятник, носящий название Гробницы Авессалома. По свидетельству ученых, еврейские раввины с древних времен приказывали родителям непослушных детей водить последних в долину Иосафата, к Гробнице Авессалома, и, рассказав им историю непокорного сына Давидова, заставлять их бросать в памятник камни (Гейки. Святая земля и Библия).

На вопрос о том, почему, заметив выше (14:27), что Авессалом имел трех сыновей и одну дочь, писатель сообщает теперь, что Авессалом поставил себе памятник во увековечение вследствие отсутствия у него сыновей, блаж. Феодорит отвечает: «Справедливо то и другое, ибо вероятно как то, что он рождал детей, так и то, что дети его умирали. Иосиф же ( Флавий ) замечает, что Авессалом сделал это потому, что дети не могли жить долго; здание же могло долее сохранить память о нем» (блаж. Феодорит. Толк. на 2 Цар, вопр. 34).

18:21 Имеется в виду не советник царя Хусий (15:32-37; 17:5-16), а некто иной. По мнению Властова (Священная летопись. Т. IV), вместо «Хусий» следует в данном случае читать «хушит» или «кушит», т. е. поселенец, раб или наемник еврейский «из ефиоплян».

18:24  Между двумя воротами городской стены — внешними и внутренними.

18:25  Если один, то весть в устах его, т. е. если идет один, то это, по всей вероятности, вестник о благополучном ходе военных действий, так как пораженные в бою не идут, а бегут, и притом целыми группами.

18:29 Желая порадовать царя приятной вестью о победе его войска, Ахимаас не решался сообщить отцу о гибели сына.

19:5-7 «Это говорит сам убийца Авессалома, ненавистный Давиду; но в его словах было столько правды и практического благоразумия, что умный царь подавил в себе горе и волнение, встал и вышел к народу на площадь при городских воротах» (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. С. 236).

19:8  Израильтяне же, т. е. последователи Авессалома (ср. 18:17).

19:9-10 «Резиденция Давида была теперь в Маханаиме, и фактически Давид был царем только за Иорданом. Евреи по эту сторону Иордана, ставшие на сторону Авессалома, оказались теперь в странном положении. Только что признанный ими царь погиб, а от Давида они отказались и поднимали против него оружие. Давид оказался непобедимым и царствовал за Иорданом, а они, как стадо без пастуха, оказались в положении, подверженном серьезным опасностям. Не было иного исхода, как изъявить покорность Давиду и возвратить его на иерусалимский престол. Первые голоса в пользу Давида раздались в северных коленах» (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. С. 237).

19:11-12 «Колено Иудино сохраняло загадочное молчание, не подавая никаких надежд для Давида. Это обстоятельство представляется несколько странным и требует некоторого объяснения». Возможно то предположение, что, не получив от Давида никаких особенных привилегий сравнительно с другими коленами (ст. 42), колено Иуды примкнуло к Авессалому сколько по чувству недовольства Давидом, столько и из ожидания получить желаемые привилегии от Авессалома. «Когда же предприятие Авессалома не удалось, и оставалось только возвратиться к старому порядку вещей, колено Иудино глубже других чувствовало свое заблуждение и стыдилось своего поступка. Его представителям совестно было явиться на глаза Давиду с повинной и с предложением верноподданства, сделавшегося столь сомнительным, и они медлили. Давид понял затруднение своего колена и, все-таки считая его, несмотря на временное увлечение, более верным оплотом своего дома, решился ободрить его кротким приглашением и напоминанием его обязанности» (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. С. 237-238).

19:13  Не кость ли ты моя и плоть моя ты? — см. 17:25.

Вместо Иоава навсегда: резкая самостоятельность Иоава и случай явного нарушения им воли своего царя (18:5,9-17), помимо же того, что предметом последней своевольной выходки Иоава было лицо, особенно близкое Давиду, — не могли не оттолкнуть от него Давида.

19:16 См. 16:5-11.

19:17 См. 16:1-4.

19:18-23 См. 16:5-11.

Изо всего дома Иосифова; по тексту LXX-ти: первее всего Исраиля и дому Иосифля. В объяснение того, почему дом Иосифа ставится во главу всего Израиля, см. 1 Пар 5:1.

19:24-28 Ср. 16:1-4.

19:28  Ты посадил раба твоего между ядущими за столом твоим — см. гл. 9.

19:29 Трудно было решить, кто был действительно виноват — Сива ли, или Мемфивосфей. «Во всяком случае Давиду тяжело было слушать униженные речи сына своего друга Ионафана, и он угрюмо прервал Мемфивосфея: «к чему ты говоришь все это?» Находя же свое прежнее распоряжение об отнятии у Мемфивосфея всего имущества в пользу Сивы слишком жестоким, но и не желая отменять его совсем, так как считал донесение Сивы не вполне безосновательным, Давид, чтобы уладить как-нибудь это неприятное дело, прибавил: «я говорю, чтобы ты и Сива разделили поля поровну» (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. С. 240-241).

19:31-32 См. 17:27-29.

19:41 «Когда Давид был уже в Галгале и когда явились сюда представители северных колен, они были неприятно поражены тем, что царь был, так сказать, уже дома и более как бы не нуждался в них. Они рассчитывали найти Давида в его заиорданском убежище и обрадовать его своим появлением и торжественным заявлением своих верноподданнических чувств. И вдруг видят царя по эту сторону Иордана, во главе могущественного колена, почти не нуждающегося в их депутации. Разочарование северян перешло в подозрение, а потом и досаду на предупредившее их колено Иуды» (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. С. 242).

20:3 См. 16:20-22. Давид постыдным и «законопреступным почитал иметь общение с ними после гнусного общения их с сыном; не сочетал же их ни с кем другим, дабы это не послужило предлогом к похищению верховной власти» (Блаж. Феодорит. Толк. на 2 Цар, вопр. 38), так как по восточным взглядам того времени обладание женой или наложницей царя означало уже некоторое фактическое вступление в права самого царя.

20:4-7 «Давид дал поручение Амессаю созвать ополчение в три дня для подавления мятежа, и этим фактически поставил Амессая главнокомандующим вместо Иоава (19:13). Но Амессай оказался ниже положения, в которое был поставлен. По отсутствию ли распорядительности и энергии, или по холодному приему, сделанному ему народом, как человеку менее авторитетному, чем Иоав, но он не мог выполнить поручения в назначенное время. Между тем медлить было невозможно. И Давид поневоле должен был обратиться к брату Иоава Авессе, чтобы послать его с наличными военными силами за Савеем». К преследующим Савея самовольно примкнул и Иоав. Впрочем Иоав не столько думал об уничтожении мятежа Савея, сколько об устранении из списка живых своего нового соперника при Давиде — Амессая (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. С. 244).

20:14  Авел-Беф-Мааха — город в северных пределах Палестины, вблизи горы Большой Ермон.

20:19  Мать городов в Израиле — см. ст. 18.

20:23  И был Иоав поставлен над всем войском Израильским. «Давид не повторил более попытки лишить его поста главнокомандующего, потому что он был и незаменим, и защищал этот пост с таким демоническим упорством, что лучше было уступить во избежание нового пролития крови» (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. С. 246).

О хелефеях и фелефеях — см. прим. к 8:18.

20:24  Иосафат — дееписателем — см. 8:16.

20:25 См. 8:17.

20:26 Выражение Иаритянин некоторые понимают в смысле «из селений Иаира», сына Манассии, лежавших в восточном Заиорданье (см. «Опыт Библейского Словаря собственных имен» протопопа Солярского).

Был священником у Давида, т. е. лицом, через посредство которого престарелый царь совершал многие из своих, религиозных обязанностей при скинии и вне скинии (блаж. Феодорит, Калмет и др.).

21:1  За то, что он умертвил (аморреев) гаваонитян, которым евреи клятвенно обещались предоставить безопасное существование (Нав 9).

21:2  По ревности своей о потомках Израиля и Иуды, т. е. ревнуя о славе и безопасности евреев.

21:3  Чтобы вы благословили наследие Господне и чтобы через то потомки давших клятву перестали испытывать наказание клятвопреступников.

21:4  Не нужно нам, чтобы умертвили кого в Израиле — постороннего дому Саула.

21:7 См. 1 Цар 20:14-17,42.

21:8 О Рицце см. 3:7.

Пять сыновей Меровы, сестры Мелхолы (1 Цар 18:19).

21:9  В первые дни жатвы, в начале жатвы ячменя, т. е. в половине апреля.

21:10  До того времени, пока не полились на них воды Божии с неба. В Палестине различается период ранних дождей и период поздних дождей. Период ранних (применительно к еврейскому счету гражданского года с сентября) дождей падает на осенние месяцы — октябрь и ноябрь; период поздних дождей падает на весенние месяцы — с конца февраля по начало апреля.

21:12 См. 1 Цар 31.

21:15 Несомненно, что находившиеся в подчинении у евреев филистимляне пожелали воспользоваться смутами в царстве евреев, чтобы возвратить себе утраченное преобладание над ними.

21:16 Под Рефаимами разумеются древние первообитатели Ханаана, отличавшиеся большим ростом и необыкновенной силой (Втор 2:10-11; Чис 13:34). Местом их обитания были Васан (Втор 3:11), земля аммонитян (Втор 2:20-21), земля моавитян (Втор 2:10-11), южные пределы западного Заиорданья — окрестности Хеврона и Иерусалима (Нав 15:8,13-14; 18:16) и др. С рефаимами Священное Писание нередко соединяет, а иногда и обобщает: енакимов (Нав 11:21-22), зузимов, емимов (Быт 14:5), замзузимов (Втор 2:20-21).

О сикле прим. к 14:26.

21:18  В Гобе. В 1 Пар 20:4 и у Иосифа Флавия поставлено «в Газере». Газер — город на северо-западе от Иерусалима.

21:20 Очевидно, Голиаф, сраженный Давидом (1 Цар 17), не был единственным филистимским великаном в Гефе. См. прим. к 16 ст.

22:1 На склоне дней своих, спокойно обозревая протекшую жизнь, — ее беды и опасности, победы и возвышение, — Давид ясно видит во всех путях его жизни крепкую спасающую руку Господа. «Преобладающие черты этой песни — величественное изображение грозного всемогущества Иеговы, устрашившего врагов Давидовых, и яркие картины сильных поражений, которые Давид наносил врагам своим, — показывают, что она была пета в то время, когда душа Давида была еще полна свежими воспоминаниями тревожной боевой жизни, великих опасностей и чудесных спасений от них. Другим духом отличается песнь, которую дееписатель называет «последними словами Давида» ( 23 гл. ) и которая явилась, очевидно, позднее, когда Давид, счастливо избавившийся от рук человеческих, два раза впадал в руки Божии. Помилованный Богом, он обращает здесь свой взор более на внутренние основания благоволения Божия к нему и его дому, чем на внешнюю форму проявления этого благоволения» (Я. Богородский. Еврейские цари. С. 250).

22:3  Рог спасения моего. Схватившийся за рога жертвенного алтаря скинии считался, по закону (Исх 27:2), неприкосновенным для преследования.

Выражение «рог» употребляется в Священном Писании и в смысле вообще силы, надежного средства обороны (см. 1 Цар 2:1). Господь есть рог спасения, т. е. сила во спасение, человека.

22:8-20 Поэтическое описание грозного могущества и славы Божией, выступавших в защиту праведника Давида от охватывавших его «вод» бедствий и страданий.

22:21-27 Этим не означается, конечно, то, что Давид считал себя непогрешимым человеком: его ответ пророку Натану (12:13), его покаянный (Пс 50) псалом, раскаяния по случаю ненадлежаще произведенной переписи (24-я гл.), — говорят нам совершенно о противоположном. В отмеченных стихах говорится лишь о том, что Давид сознавал себя (да и не мог не сознавать) далеко не закоренелым грешником: все помыслы, все чувства, все движения его высокорелигиозного духа были устремлены к Богу. Неумирающим памятником религиозной жизни души великого царя и пророка Давида являются всем известные псалмы его.

22:29  Господь просвещает тьму напастей, неведения и заблуждений человека.

22:44  Народ, которого я не знал, служит мне. Имеется в виду или какой-либо из покоренных Давидом чужеземный народ, или же богодарованный ему израильский народ, в котором он, конечно, не мог знать большинства отдельных личностей.

17:3 Масоретский текст в этом месте не вполне ясен, в LXX: весь народ я приведу к тебе, как невесту к жениху, кроме одного…

17:18 Или: резервуар - высеченная в камне подземная цистерна для сбора дождевой воды.

17:25 LXX: измаильтянина.

17:28 Масоретский текст еще раз добавляет: и жареное зерно.

18:8 Букв.: по всей стране.

18:11 Т.е. 115 г.

18:12 Т.е. около 11,5 кг.

18:13 Или: а ты бы покинул меня.

18:22 Здесь точный смысл масоретского текста не ясен.

19:7 Или: вдохнови. Букв.: поговори к сердцу.

19:12 Букв.: вы кость моя и плоть моя; то же в ст. 13.

19:22 а) Или (ближе к букв.): что между нами общего?

19:22 б) Букв.: что вы становитесь моими противниками сегодня?

19:26 Букв.: твой слуга.

19:28 Букв.: свой.

20:14 Или: и все жители Берима собрались и тоже последовали за ним.

21:16 Т.е. около 3,5 кг.

22:1 Текст песни повторяется с вариациями в Пс 17.

22:3 Букв.: рог. В древности рог был символом силы и особого достоинства.

22:6 Евр. Шеола.

22:9 Букв.: дым изошел из ноздрей Его, и огонь вырвался из уст Его - угли зажглись от него.

22:13 Букв.: угли горящие.

22:17 Букв.: из вод многих.

22:20 Букв.: на пространное место.

22:27 Друг. возм. пер.: а бесчестному воздаешь по его бесчестью.

22:30 Или: одолеваю стену. Букв.: через стену могу перепрыгнуть.

22:31 Друг. возм. пер.: безупречно.

22:32 Букв.: скала.

22:35 Букв.: медный.

22:36 Или: помощь.

22:37 Букв.: Ты даешь простор шагам подо мной.

22:41 Букв.: Ты дал мне спину врагов моих.

22:51 Букв.: спасения.